[150] According to Jaffrelot, Gandhi's views evolved between the 1920s and 1940s; by 1946, he actively encouraged intermarriage between castes. [137][139], The government, represented by Lord Irwin, decided to negotiate with Gandhi. Gandhi expected to discuss India's independence, while the British side focused on the Indian princes and Indian minorities rather than on a transfer of power. The engine of the vehicle was not used; instead four drag-ropes manned by 50 people each pulled the vehicle. As the war progressed, Gandhi intensified his demand for independence, calling for the British to Quit India in a 1942 speech in Mumbai. In the months following, he undertook several fasts unto death to stop religious violence. [359] He emphasised a society where individuals believed more in learning about their duties and responsibilities, not demanded rights and privileges. Son deuil ne sera pas porté uniquement par les hommes de son peuple, mais par tous ceux qui croient en la possibilité d’une entente fraternelle entre les vivants. One of Gandhi's earliest publications, Hind Swaraj, published in Gujarati in 1909, became "the intellectual blueprint" for India's independence movement. [249] I. Bruce Watson states that some of these ideas are found not only in traditions within Hinduism, but also in Jainism or Buddhism, particularly those about non-violence, vegetarianism and universal love, but Gandhi's synthesis was to politicise these ideas. Le leader spirituel de l'Inde, le Mahatma Mohandas Gandhi, est abattu par un nationaliste hindou du nom de Narayan Vinayak Godse.L'action non-violente de Gandhi avait fait de lui un des hommes les mieux connus au monde. If we want to learn the use of arms with the greatest possible despatch, it is our duty to enlist ourselves in the army. A military is unnecessary, because any aggressor can be thrown out using the method of non-violent non-co-operation. [180], The partition was controversial and violently disputed. Violence against any human being, born poor or rich, is wrong, believed Gandhi. Skip to main content. Intolerance betrays want of faith in one's cause. La mort de la jeune fille a ... arrêtés jeudi à Noida en banlieue de Delhi. The 1995 Marathi play Gandhi Virudh Gandhi explored the relationship between Gandhi and his son Harilal. [61][62], Immediately upon arriving in South Africa, Gandhi faced discrimination because of his skin colour and heritage, like all people of colour. According to Markovits, while Gandhi was alive, Pakistan's declaration that it was a "Muslim state" had led Indian groups to demand that it be declared a "Hindu state". He opposed purdah, child marriage, dowry and sati. Gandhi believed that numerous interpreters have interpreted it to fit their preconceived notions. However, his final fast in 1948, after the end of British rule in India, his hunger strike was lauded by the British press and this time did include full-length photos. [347] His other autobiographies included: Satyagraha in South Africa about his struggle there, Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule, a political pamphlet, and a paraphrase in Gujarati of John Ruskin's Unto This Last. [251] According to Nicholas Gier, this to Gandhi meant the unity of God and humans, that all beings have the same one soul and therefore equality, that atman exists and is same as everything in the universe, ahimsa (non-violence) is the very nature of this atman. Le gouverneur général des Halles, lord Mountbatten, portant un brassard noir, était présent, accompagné de ses deux filles, avec le pandit Nehru, premier ministre, ainsi que de nombreux membres du Cabinet. [389], Gandhi influenced important leaders and political movements. Le mahatma n’hésitait pas à présenter la non-violence comme une méthode d’action politique : « La non-violence m’est un credo, le souffle de ma vie. It would have aroused the world and the people of Germany... As it is they succumbed anyway in their millions. His experiments with food began in the 1890s and continued for several decades. [84], In 1906, when the British declared war against the Zulu Kingdom in Natal, Gandhi at age 36, sympathised with the Zulus and encouraged the Indian volunteers to help as an ambulance unit. Gandhi inquired about his pay for the work. According to Sarma, Gandhi recruited women to participate in the salt tax campaigns and the boycott of foreign products, which gave many women a new self-confidence and dignity in the mainstream of Indian public life. Gandhi's ashes were poured into urns which were sent across India for memorial services. More than half a million were killed in religious riots as 10 million to 12 million non-Muslims (Hindus and Sikhs mostly) migrated from Pakistan into India, and Muslims migrated from India into Pakistan, across the newly created borders of India, West Pakistan and East Pakistan. Truth and nonviolence are as old as the hills. [242][243], During World War I (1914–1918), nearing the age of 50, Gandhi supported the British and its allied forces by recruiting Indians to join the British army, expanding the Indian contingent from about 100,000 to over 1.1 million. [356][357], Nai Talim evolved out of his experiences at the Tolstoy Farm in South Africa, and Gandhi attempted to formulate the new system at the Sevagram ashram after 1937. He believed that each vegetarian should experiment with their diet because, in his studies at his ashram he saw "one man's food may be poison for another". [233][236][237] Later, Gandhi translated the Gita into Gujarati in 1930. The book was translated into English the next year, with a copyright legend that read "No Rights Reserved". Prime Cart. According to Arthur Herman, Ambedkar's hatred for Gandhi and Gandhi's ideas was so strong that, when he heard of Gandhi's assassination, he remarked after a momentary silence a sense of regret and then added, "My real enemy is gone; thank goodness the eclipse is over now". At a mass protest meeting held in Johannesburg on 11 September that year, Gandhi adopted his still evolving methodology of Satyagraha (devotion to the truth), or nonviolent protest, for the first time. « Nous sentions obscurément a-t-il poursuivi, que dans nos efforts de pacification et de compréhension mutuelle, nous avions en lui un grand allié », Par Étienne Godinot, du Mouvement pour une alternative non violente, « Un petit homme débile, la face maigre, aux grandes oreilles écartées. [67] Indians were not allowed to walk on public footpaths in South Africa. A different basic education model, he believed, would lead to better self awareness, prepare people to treat all work equally respectable and valued, and lead to a society with less social diseases. Soudain, le jeune homme pris d’une envie irrépressible fonce faire l’amour à sa femme Kasturba (les deux époux se sont mariés à 13 ans). [449][450] The Gandhi Memorial in Kanyakumari resembles central Indian Hindu temples and the Tamukkam or Summer Palace in Madurai now houses the Mahatma Gandhi Museum. C'est qui, Gandhi ? [354][355], Gandhi called his ideas Nai Talim (literally, 'new education'). Recent scholars question these romantic biographies and state that Gandhi was neither a Christian figure nor mirrored a Christian saint. '[229], Gandhi, in his autobiography, called Rajchandra his "guide and helper" and his "refuge [...] in moments of spiritual crisis". [383], Gandhi was a prolific writer. [82] During a speech in September 1896, Gandhi complained that the whites in the British colony of South Africa were degrading Indian Hindus and Muslims to "a level of Kaffir". Add to Lightbox Download. [233] Gandhi grew fond of Hinduism, and referred to the Bhagavad Gita as his spiritual dictionary and greatest single influence on his life. Il y a 70 ans disparaissait Mohandas Gandhi, figure célèbre pour son rôle déterminant dans la lutte pour l’indépendance de l’Inde. Tolstoy responded and the two continued a correspondence until Tolstoy's death in 1910 (Tolstoy's last letter was to Gandhi). This challenged his belief that practicality and morality necessarily coincided. La meilleure citation de Gandhi préférée des internautes. Our beloved leader, Bapu as we called him, the father of the nation, is no more. But he dropped out and returned to his family in Porbandar. He viewed Islam as a faith that proactively promoted peace, and felt that non-violence had a predominant place in the Quran. [103][107][108][109], The increasing Muslim support for Gandhi, after he championed the Caliph's cause, temporarily stopped the Hindu-Muslim communal violence. » Il était conscient que la pression et la contrainte sont nécessaires quand la persuasion s’avère inefficace : « Même devant les arguments convaincants la Grande-Bretagne défendra ses intérêts par tous les moyens. He went on to stay for 21 years. [387], Gandhi's complete works were published by the Indian government under the name The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi in the 1960s. [204] A black marble platform, it bears the epigraph "Hē Rāma" (Devanagari: हे ! [63] He was not allowed to sit with European passengers in the stagecoach and told to sit on the floor near the driver, then beaten when he refused; elsewhere he was kicked into a gutter for daring to walk near a house, in another instance thrown off a train at Pietermaritzburg after refusing to leave the first-class. [296] According to Gandhi, this was not true "service" but one driven by an ulterior motive of luring people into religious conversion and exploiting the economically or medically desperate. Unhappy with this, the peasantry appealed to Gandhi at his ashram in Ahmedabad. With Gandhi isolated in prison, the Indian National Congress split into two factions, one led by Chitta Ranjan Das and Motilal Nehru favouring party participation in the legislatures, and the other led by Chakravarti Rajagopalachari and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, opposing this move. L'élection de sa fille Indira Gandhi comme présidente du congrès de 1959 a réveillé la critique de népotisme. At no time did they offer any resistance. This legacy connects him to Nelson Mandela...in a sense Mandela completed what Gandhi started."[404]. [120] The unfolding events, the massacre and the British response, led Gandhi to the belief that Indians will never get a fair equal treatment under British rulers, and he shifted his attention to Swaraj or self rule and political independence for India. Le mahatma Gandhi est né à Kâthiâwar (province de Bombay), en 1869. [338][339] None of the women who participated in the brahmachari experiments of Gandhi indicated that they had sex or that Gandhi behaved in any sexual way. Les personnalités connues pour leur opposition à Gandhi ont été attaquées par la foule et leurs biens pillés ou brûlés. « Ce soir, a dit M. Georges Bidault, apprenant la tragique nouvelle, le monde vient d’apprendre une des plus tristes nouvelles de notre époque : celui qui avait, il y a quelques jours encore, montré que la bonté et le renoncement peuvent vaincre la haine et l’ambition, vient de disparaître, frappé par un fanatique. Mais je suis certain que son esprit continuera à animer ses compatriotes et poursuivra sa plaidoirie pour la paix et la concorde. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi[19] was born on 2 October 1869[20] into an Gujarati Modh Bania family of the Vaishya varna[21] in Porbandar (also known as Sudamapuri), a coastal town on the Kathiawar Peninsula and then part of the small princely state of Porbandar in the Kathiawar Agency of the Indian Empire. [44] His wedding was a joint event, where his brother and cousin were also married. "[220][221] Historian Howard states the culture of Gujarat influenced Gandhi and his methods. His views on women's rights were less liberal and more similar to puritan-Victorian expectations of women, states Jayawardena, than other Hindu leaders with him who supported economic independence and equal gender rights in all aspects. [304][305], Gandhi discussed the persecution of the Jews in Germany and the emigration of Jews from Europe to Palestine through his lens of Satyagraha. Try Prime EN Hello, Sign in Account & Lists Sign in Account & Lists Returns & Orders Try Prime Cart. Later, Navajivan was also published in Hindi.